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There are many different forms of water pollution, all of which are caused by people's carelessness. Agricultural run-off is a serious problem and one of the biggest forms of water pollution. Large factory farms use huge amounts of herbicides and pesticides that all wash into the ground water when it rains, polluting the groundwater for thousands of miles around.

The herbicides and pesticides are deadly cancer-causing chemical compounds that can not be removed from the water by any method but proper filtering. The thousands of tons of manure from these farms also run into the water carrying herbicides and pesticides that the animals have eaten as well as the bacteria and microorganisms in the manure.

Industrial Waste is another major form of water pollution. Factories, large companies, manufacturers, mills and plants often dump their waste directly into the rivers, lakes, streams and oceans. Those who do not dump directly into the water, dump into the ground, causing more groundwater contamination. Recent studies have identified 2,100 of the 80,000 chemicals in North American drinking water to be carcinogenic chemicals.

Household Waste – You and I are water pollution culprits too. Every time someone pours a cleaner, detergent, soap, chemicals, medicines, paint, solvents or anything else that does not occur in nature down the drain, it becomes a form of water pollution.

Sewage – Many countries and states still dump raw sewage into the harbors and bays. Millions of tons of raw sewage are being dumped into the water every day. In some countries raw sewage runs in the gutters along the streets. This sewage obviously puts many different types of toxins into the water.

What Can We Do?

The best thing we can do to protect ourselves is to install a certified multi-layer water filtration system in our homes. All water that you come in contact with must be decontaminated- not just your drinking water.

The chemicals and metals in the water can seep through the skin or be inhaled in the form of steam, as well as being ingested. Your family from Protect all of these forms of water pollution with a proper water filter.

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Source by Aaron Reese

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Good housekeeping practices are very important to prevent pest infestation. Tightly fitting lids on bins ensure pests are not attracted to the property. Regular maintenance on the outside of the building is important to ensure that no holes or cracks allow entry of the pests into the building to compromise food safety.

Ensure all foodstuffs are placed in pest proof containers will help with this prevention. It is also preferable to make sure that any external vegetation such as grass, do not come up to the building structure. A pavement or pathway extending at least a metre from the building will further help in pest prevention.

Other ways of preventing access is by keeping doors and windows closed.

Always check for wear and tear of doors especially around framework and the bottom of the door. A brush or rubber strip might have to be fitted where the door does not go straight to the floor. Check the pipework or plumbing to ensure no holes or cracks are present which would allow pest entry. Check the condition of the window framework for for cracks and holes. Doors and windows can be left open for additional ventilation provided that devices are utilised to prevent entry. This includes internal or external insect screens on windows and hanging chain curtains on doors.

There are two methods of control pests.

We can use a physical or chemical methods. The preferred method of control is to use physical methods, which includes electronic fly killers, traps, sticky flypaper is also used and mist netting which is used to prevent birds entering the premises. The last preferred method is the use of chemicals such as rodenticides and insecticides. By using physical methods we ensure capture, either alive or dead. Chemical methods are not preferred for several reasons.

• Chemicals pollute the environment.
• If small business users, use chemicals, there is the possibility of contaminated food product, especially if the owner does not know how to handle the poisons. Rodenticides come in two types, acute acting and chronic acting.
• Acute acting poisons act quickly and the rodent might die in an unreachable place. Chronic acting poisons take longer to kill rodents. If a female rat is pregnant after ingesting a chronic poison, and gives birth before dying it is likely that the baby rats will be immune to the same poison if used again, due to genetic mutation.

There are four things that must be done if pests are recognised on the premises:

1. inform manager or supervisor
2. dispose of contaminated food
3. protect any other food that has not been contaminated by placing in pest proof containers
4. contact pest control.

It is imperative that all food businesses, regardless of size, have pest control contracts. This, however, does not absolve the owner, management or staff of their responsibilities to check for signs of pest infestation.

More information on For pest control to go The Food Safety

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Source by Dave Summers

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Oil spills are dangerous to the health of people and to the environment. The hazards include fumes, ignitions, asphyxiation, burns, water contamination, soil contamination and fire. In case of an oil spill make sure you know what to do. Immediate measures can help the oil spill from spreading. Be sure to have the presence of mind and follow this easy and effective oil spill clean up procedure.

Emergencies can be a confusing time. So to make it easier for you, just remember the 3 C's of handling any accidental spills. These are control, contain, and clean up. Controlling the situation is to stop the cause or source of oil or slowing down the rate of release of oil. Containing the oil spill is minimizing the damage of the oil by preventing the spill from spreading to other areas. Clean up is the removal of the contaminants or oil itself from the affected area. The proper disposal of the materials used in the removal of the contamination is the final step in any clean up.

Objective: To effectively deal with spill accidents in order to prevent the adverse effects on the environment and on the individuals cleaning-up the contents of the spill.

Materials needed include:

-Stand By fire extinguishers
-Safety Goggles
-Safety Suit
-Safety Mask
-Closed Footwear
-Oil Spill containment booms or socks.
-Absorbent Pads or rolls

Procedures are as follows:

I. Oil Spill Control

1) Immediately take control of the situation.
2) If possible, stop the source of the leakage. It can be done by turning off a valve immediately or turning the container upright.
3) Search for causes of ignition. Put out any flames or turn off any machines that are working
4) Wear proper safety gear. Fumes can be inhaled, so make sure that your whole body is well protected.
5) Inform management immediately. If possible look for your supervisor. Ask for help.

II. Oil Spill Containment

1) If the oil or chemicals are near any type of drainage be sure to seal those first.
2) Surround the oil spill with oil spill booms or socks. Enclose the area of ​​contamination.
3) Make sure that you have secured all exit points for the spillage.

III. Oil Spill Clean Up

1) Place the absorbent pads, pillows or rolls directly on the liquid.
2) Scatter the absorbent pads or rolls in the different areas to aid in the clean up.
3) Continue placing and replacing absorbent pads until the last drop of liquid is absorbed.
4) Get ready with your plastic bags for the soiled absorbents.
5) Place all the soiled absorbent pads inside the plastic bag.
6) Re-bag soiled absorbents to prevent leakage.
7) Then once all the absorbent pads are picked up, place the absorbent booms or socks inside the plastic bags.
8) Once you have finished with bagging everything place the bags inside a drum or a single container.
9) Label or tag the container.
10) Contact immediately your waste handler for proper disposal.

Do not hesitate to contact your local Fire Department if you have a large spill. Almost all Fire Departments are trained to help control and cleaning up all types of spills. Depending upon the location and size of the spill you may be required by law to report it to State and or Federal EPA officials.

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Source by Travis Zdrazil

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According to reports published in the Pr-Inside.Com, the overall sales of sterilization equipment in the US were approximately $ 1 billion in 2009. This figure is expected to increase to $ 1.2 billion by 2014. Health care professionals and patients are increasingly becoming concerned about the spread of deadly diseases and complications caused by the transmission of pathogens via medical instruments. More and more health care providers are focusing their attention on infection control.

Proper sterilization can prevent microbial contamination of medical instruments and protect patients and doctors from various infectious diseases. Instruments can be sterilized with the help of high pressure, heat, irradiation and chemical solutions.

Sterilization Equipment: Different Types of Autoclaves

An autoclave is a type of sterilization equipment that is used to sterilize instruments used in hospitals, clinics, beauty parlors, tattoo parlors and piercing stores. The basic function of the device is to kill pathogenic microorganisms.

Pathogens are killed by applying extreme heat, pressure and steam to the instruments placed inside the sterilization chamber. The pressure maintained inside the chamber is usually 15 pound (lb) / inch2 in excess of the normal atmospheric pressure. However, the total time taken to attain complete sterility depends on the volume of the articles and type of material used in them. The two different types of autoclaves are:

Downward Displacement

The downward displacement autoclave sterilizer is also known as a gravity displacement unit. It uses a heating element to heat up the water and produce steam. The steam, which is lighter than air, forces the air inside the sterilization chamber to move downward. Eventually the air moves out through the drain hole of the sterilization chamber. Once the temperature in the chamber is sufficient, the hole is automatically closed and the sterilization process is started.

Positive Pressure Displacement

This sterilization equipment is an improved version of the downward displacement autoclave. It uses a separate chamber to create and hold steam. Once sufficient amount of steam is accumulated, it is released into the sterilization unit in a pressurized blast. This forces the air to move out through the drain hole and starts the sterilization process.

Other autoclaves available in the market today include the negative pressure displacement, triple vacuum, type "N" unit and type "B" unit autoclaves.

To purchase superior quality sterilization equipment at the most competitive, visit expressmedicalsupplies.com. The company offers a wide range of sterilization supplies including autoclaves, disinfectants, instrument cleaners, lubricants, sterilizing solutions and infectious waste bags.

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Source by Quinlan Murray

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Pest control and management refers to any system or measure that seeks to eliminate or regulate the population of insects considered harmful to human and animal health and the environment. Pest control requires a lot of work and resources but it is a necessity, especially for homes. Here are the reasons why pest management is important and why every homeowner should consider applying it:

1. Preventing damage to homes and structures

In the US, people spend about $ 5 billion for the repair of damages caused by termite infestation. Termites consume wood and wood products such as plyboard and paper. Once they have burrowed into the wood components of the home, they can eat beams, floorings and walls from the inside. This makes the structure weak and vulnerable to collapse, leaving household members at a risk. Termite infestation can be especially problematic in older homes and structures that have not been treated. In areas where termites are known pests, managing a home to keep it safe from termites requires constant vigilance and assistance from pest control agencies.

2. Preventing allergies

Pests can cause a range of issues in people, such as skin allergies, asthma and other respiratory problems. Bed bugs and mosquitoes, for example, are notorious for causing skin rashes. Pests can also carry certain allegens that can cause strong allergic reactions in some people. Cockroaches, for example, can cause allergies in at least 7% of the population. They are also one of the leading causes of asthma in children.

3. Avoiding diseases and other health risks

Leprosy, skin infections, urinary tract infections, Lyme disease, intestinal infections, dysentery, dengue, malaria and food poisoning are just a few of the diseases and health problems that pests can cause. They also carry a number of bacteria and viruses that can affect human and animal health. Although many of these diseases are treatable, they can cause serious health issues in children, the elderly and immune-compromised individuals, many of whom will require professional medical treatment or hospitalization. That, in turn, can translate to millions of dollars in medical costs.

4. Preventing damage and deterioration of furniture, carpets and clothes

Pest control has to be applied in order to save furniture, carpets and clothing and avoid the expenses associated with repairs and replacements. Burrowing insects are notorious for causing damage to the wooden and fabric components of furniture. Some, such as carpet bugs, moths, cockroaches and silverfish are also attracted to fabric, often using it as a source of food.

5. Maintenance of food supply

Food supply is critical to the survival of the world's populations. On a macro economic level, it also influences the world's economies and supports majority of today's active industries. Without proper pest management, almost 20% of our food supply will be wasted due to consumption of rodents. Each year, millions of dollars' worth of food is lost to rodent attacks and infestation. By controlling the threat, it is possible to keep food supplies at manageable and useful levels. On the homefront, implementing pest control measures can help prevent food waste and contamination. Pests do not only consume food, they also leave behind undesirable organic matter such as dead skin, body parts, feces and urine, all of which can affect the quality of the food we eat.

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Source by Neil Raw

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Water pollution is the number one problem the world is facing with tremendous impact to the life of the human race. This enormous human error is caused by a person's selfish motives to enrich himself without considering the welfare of his fellowmen.

Every country has its own water treatment facilities to minimize the occurrence of water pollution into serious condition. But, even though government and private authorities are trying their best to control water contamination and reduce pollution, there are some unscrupulous business people who are working underground to satisfy their greediness and personal advantage.

Water pollution have so many causes, but I have only identified top 3 as the most serious ones.

1. Radioactive and industrial wastes

This kind of water pollutants comes from the industries and nuclear power plants that are being washed out to the rivers, lakes, and ocean at a high rate proportion. The more factory a country have, the higher is the rate of released pollutants they throw in to body of water.

These factories releases some toxic chemicals like mercury, sulfuric acid, lead, and used oil. Lead and mercury are two toxic chemicals that are harmful to plants and animals and most especially to humans and may cause death if taken in great proportion. These chemicals are non-biodegradable and is hard to clean up when mixed in the body of water.

2. Eutrophication

The continuous use of inorganic chemical fertilizer and pesticides for crop production and manufactured feeds for animal production where their wastes are carried down to water by heavy rain downpour. Once accumulates in the water, these waste chemicals causes the dense growth of plant life like phytoplankton which results the algae to bloom. These algae utilizes the oxygen in their growth process while depletes some marine lives to use oxygen resulting to their death.

Besides depleting oxygen from the water, algae also produces some toxic substances that effects higher life forms and food chain and causes the polluting of the water source.

3. Mining

Mining companies exposes heavy metals and sulfuric compounds previously stocked underground the soil profile. Once brought on top of the soil surface, some sediments are drained down to the body of water resulting in acid mine drainage and metal pollution.

It's more serious in gold mining, where cyanide is poured into the piles of rocks to extract the gold from the ore rock. After the operation, cyanide ultimately finds its way into the lower portion and unto the river, lake or ocean floor.

Other sources of pollutants are not as serious as the top 3 mentioned above. However, small as they may be, still they contributes the polluting effect to our water, that needs to be addressed by all concerns including you.

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Source by Crisologo Ramasasa

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Human waste disposal is of great concern in sub urban and rural areas. This article outlines the basic precautions to be followed when disposing human and other household waste.

Excreta Disposal Without Water Carriage

Excreta disposal is more frequently a problem of the rural areas or small towns having no amenities of a water carriage system. It is important that the human excreta should be removed or disposed of hygienically and in an efficient manner. Any waste disposal method employed should generally aim at achieving the following objectives:

(I) All excreta should be removed to an isolated area for the proper disposal of waste.

(Ii) The excreta should not be accessible to flies, insects or other animals.

(Iii) It should not contaminate any surface or ground water supply.

(Iv) There should be freedom from odors and unsightly conditions.

(V) The waste disposal method used should be simple and economical both in construction and operation and further should ensure privacy and convenience.

Hazards In Disposal Of Household Waste

How to dispose of household hazardous wastes safely? Many household products are potentially hazardous to people and the environment, and never should be flushed down drains, toilets, or storm sewers which is actually a violation of waste disposal safety guidelines. Treatment plant workers can be injured and waste water systems can be damaged as a result of improper waste disposal method used for the disposal of hazardous materials.

Other hazardous chemicals can not be treated effectively by municipal waste water systems and may reach local drinking water sources. When flushed into septic systems and other on site systems, they can temporarily disrupt the biological processes in the tank and soil absorption field, allowing hazardous chemicals and untreated waste water to reach groundwater.

Some examples of hazardous household materials include motor oil, transmission fluid, antifreeze,
paint, paint thinner, varnish, polish, wax, solvents, pesticides, rat poison, oven cleaner, battery fluid

Many of these materials can be recycled or safely disposed at community recycling centers.

Classification of pesticides by function:

Acaricide is used to control mites and ticks;

Algicide inhibits Algae;

Arachnicide kills Spiders;

Attractant traps insects by attraction;

Avicide kills Birds;

Bactericide eliminates Bacteria;

Chemostreilant limits the spread of insects by sterilization;

Defoliant initiates leaf drop;

Desiccant induces drying of leaves in plants;

Disinfectant protects against general bacteria, fungi;

Growth regulator regulates the growth of plants;

Herbicide eliminates Fungi;

Insecticide kills insects;

Molluscicide is used to control Molluscs;

Nematicide kills Nematodes;

Piscicide eliminates Fish;

Repellent repels flies, fleas, moths, etc.

Rodenticide eliminates rodents (mice, rats, etc.)

Slimicide is used to kill slimes

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Source by Richard Runion

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Protecting National Water Resources

The purpose of this paper is to recommend a prohibition of the use of copper sulfate, a toxic and bioaccumulative chemical, in America's waters.

Background

Copper sulfate, a naturally occurring inorganic salt, is an algaecide, herbicide, germicide, and fungicide and is commonly used to maintain the aesthetic appearance of lakes, reservoirs, and ponds. Being a trace element, its poisonous effects can be detected at levels as low as .33ppm, and its toxic potency is inversely related to the alkalinity and pH of water. The compound is typically applied on a bi-weekly schedule, and what does not flow out of a water body into a receiving stream ends up binding to the underlying sediment. Here, this heavy metal accumulates indefinitely, serving as a reservoir of toxicity until the sediment is disturbed and conditions favor its release into the environment.

Because of its highly caustic nature, copper sulfate has been classified by the EPA as being in toxicity class I – highly toxic – and requires the signal words "DANGER – POISON" on its container. Having the direct potential to disrupt photosynthesis, and because of its toxicity to downstream endangered species, its use requires a permit in certain jurisdictions and applications.

Copper sulfate's toxicity and propensity for accumulation is leading to a burgeoning problem at sites located throughout the US and the world. Copper pollution is beginning to affect many coastal regions where river and storm water systems discharge; sites experiencing hazardously elevated levels of copper include: Delaware Bay, Chesapeake Bay, Naples Bay, North Miami, and Lake Pontchartrain. In some cases, "[copper sulfate] … is the largest contributor to copper contamination."

As the effects of copper compounds and their persistence in coastal areas become better understood, some municipalities have included in their water resource management plans measures to reduce copper levels in stormwater discharge. The application of copper sulfate as an algaecide has also been questioned in New York City, where authorities identified it as the primary cause of excessive copper levels in the City's wastewaters and harbor. However, in some cases, the specific regulatory approaches adopted have been criticized for their inefficiency. San Francisco's initiative to control copper contamination is estimated to have an end cost in excess of one billion dollars, primarily because of its inclusion of metallic copper, as well as all copper compounds, whatever their toxicity or fate. Recent initiatives are taking a new direction, which is to improve upon water resources by targeting only volatile forms of copper, including copper sulfate.

Detrimental to National Waters

Damaging Natural Habitats

The deleterious effects of this compound on natural habitats have been widely documented. Long-term case studies have shown that, while algae is temporarily killed as intended, its decaying matter contributes heavily to dissolved oxygen depletion, fish kills, and the accelerated recycling of phosphorus which promotes algal blooms. Eventually, the natural balance of the water body is upset: phytoplankton, the base of the food chain, are greatly reduced and no longer support small aquatic life; sediment-dwelling insects are killed by the accumulating poison; and plants, serving as both fish food and habitat, are killed by copper sulfate's photosynthesis disruption. After a local pond's ecosystem has been become debilitated, the highly water-soluble residual algaecide is flushed downstream during a rain event, becoming a hazard for downstream organisms.

Catfish, one of the Fox River's prime game fish, are visibly stressed by concentrations as low as 1.7ppm. Enzyme activity in other fish increases due to stress at 2ppm, and the negative effects suffered were still observable after two weeks in clean water. Furthermore, even at suggested application rates, the algaecide has been found to be lethal to salmonoids (eg salmon, trout, etc.).

Animals that ingest copper sulfate by drinking from contaminated water bodies are also at risk as chronic exposures have lead to problems at levels as low as 20ppm per day-commonly leading to malfunction of the endocrine gland and testes. After consumed, copper sulfate is strongly bioaccumulated, primarily in the heart, liver, brain, kidneys, and muscles of animals.

Detrimental to Water Quality

As a treatment strategy, the use of copper sulfate as an algaecide addresses only the symptoms of the water body's degraded condition, not the causes. The underlying cause of the algal blooms is the urban runoff of fertilizers, detergents, and other phosphates. The use of copper sulfate does nothing to minimize or manage these nutrients. In fact, as a germicide, it destroys the beneficial bacteria that would naturally break down nutrients and, as an herbicide, kills plant life that would absorb them.

When this water is released into receiving streams, it brings with it the burden of excess nutrients and very low dissolved oxygen. Considering that nutrient overabundance is already problematic for many US rivers and streams, any effort to lessen the problem should be taken. This is especially important to downstream communities that already assume additional treatment costs to make water safe and potable for their residents.

Contributing to Pollution

Pollutants are defined as chemical constituents present at toxic levels and in bioavailable forms for a sufficient period that they adversely affect the beneficial uses of a water body. Copper and its compounds are designated as pollutants, however it is the free form of the copper II ion that is biologically available and the most toxic form of this substance. It is therefore important in creating a control approach to differentiate between sources such as metallic copper from brake pads and liners, and a wide array of ionic forms of copper of varying degrees of potential toxicity, the most problematic of which is copper sulfate. Thus, environmental scientists continue to emphasize the importance of focusing "pollutant control on those chemical constituents that are significantly impairing … waterbody (s) within and downstream of the watershed."

Residents add copper sulfate to water bodies to satisfy an aesthetic desire, often without considering its potentially harmful effects. This is especially true for storm detention ponds, which are increasingly seen as amenities and not as serving a specific, environmental function. No longer should copper sulfate be permitted at the detriment of the local and downstream environments. An opportunity to remove an unnecessary, biologically available toxin from your local water bodies presents itself without significant drawbacks-and because of this, use of the copper sulfate pollutant should be forbidden.

On the Environmental Frontier

In considering a ban on copper sulfate, your community would not be unprecedented. A number of jurisdictions are, or have, considered a ban on the use of copper sulfate. Based on data revealing that copper "hot spots" coincide with storm water discharge points in the bay, the Naples City Council will consider a resolution in November 2008 that would prohibit the use of copper sulfate as an algaecide. In early 2008, the City amended its budget, approving the installation of aerators in its stormwater retention ponds and lakes, in place of algaecide use to control algal blooms.

Across the ocean from Naples, the European Union had scheduled a complete ban on all copper based algaecides because of the "effects of its use on the aquatic environment, impact on aquatic organisms, and soil accumulation." Reviewers found copper sulfate "not compatible with sustainable ecosystems and recommended against its use," expressing concern about the impact it has when flushed into natural water bodies. For these reasons, the review panel concluded that copper sulfate "should never be considered as a routine and convenient treatment to handle [algal] problems."

A Call to Action

As copper pollution becomes more widely recognized, more jurisdictions will move toward legislative and regulatory prohibitions targeting copper and its compounds. Your local community has the opportunity to protect its ecosystems and preserve its vital water resources by preventing the intentional application of copper sulfate, a toxin and pollutant, to its waters.

By limiting this ban to copper sulfate as an algaecide, rather than more broadly to other copper species, smaller municipalities will be able to apply limited resources in the most beneficial and cost-effective manner.

Contact Municipal boards and present to them this information; inform pondowners and Homeowners Associations of the dangers of copper sulfate use; lobby your local governing body to institute a city or county wide ban on this toxic chemical– for it is only through education, understanding, and action that we can protect our Nation's waters.

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Source by Braden Galbreath-O'Leary

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The natural resource, soil, is the thin layer of organic and inorganic materials that covers the Earth's rocky surface. Soil formation involves a large number of factors and is a time taking process. Mechanical weathering of rocks due to temperature changes, wind, moving water, lichens are a few of the contributing factors.

Pollutants like toxic compounds, radioactive materials, salts, chemicals, when added to the soil, deteriorate the quality, texture and mineral content of the soil. This leads to soil pollution. Soil pollutants disturb the biological balance of the organisms in the soil. The adverse effect of this contamination is reduced soil fertility affecting plant and animal growth.

Major causes of soil pollution are:

• Random use of fertilizers
• Random use of pesticides, insecticides and herbicides
• Disposal of large quantities of solid waste
• Deforestation and soil erosion
• Addition of industrial contaminants
• Dumping of radioactive wastes

Control of soil pollution

Various steps suggested in order to control soil pollution are as follows:

Reducing chemical fertilizer and pesticide use:

As the soil erosion has become a major cause of concern we need to adopt the three R's: Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle in order to minimize the usage of fertilizers and pesticides.

Biofertilizers are the best alternatives for chemical fertilizers. They are microorganisms which are used to increase the fertility and growth capacity of soil. This process of Biofertilization also reduces the need for pesticides and fungicides.

Practice of crop rotation – Leguminous plants can fix atmospheric nitrogen and hence enhance the soil fertility. These plants can be grown in between the crops which absorb a lot of soil nutrients.

Recycling of materials

Recycling and reusing of materials such as glass containers, plastic bags, paper, cloth etc. at domestic levels rather than disposing, reduces the solid waste pollution. Use of plastic bags has increased drastically. Paper bags or jute bags can be a good alternative for them. Toys made up of clay can be a good source of amusement for kids. A complete ban on the use of plastics is advisable.

Reforestation

Wastelands, soil erosion and floods can be controlled by reforestation. Huge forests have become prey to man's greed. It takes years together to reform a forest. Every individual on earth should decide to plant trees to save our planet earth.

Treatment of waste

Biological treatment of the waste using anaerobic microorganisms, such as methanogens and acetogens is advisable as it helps to break down the soil wastes into a less toxic and biodegradable form. Industrial and radioactive wastes should be properly treated before leaving them to soil.

It is high time the man realizes the importance of the rich top soil and takes necessary steps to protect it from pollutants. Soil is an asset and there is no substitute for this. Wide stretches of desserts created by human beings are laughing at us. When we can not create tanks and tanks of natural fertile soil should we not stop destroying it?

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Source by Anna Purna Edara

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